Kurt, I'll try to be brief... In our example we'll use a 30' x 40' ranch house with 8' ceilings on a crawlspace, 120 sf glass and doors. Geographic location is northern Michigan where we design to 10 degrees above zero. I often use a lower temperature of 10 below 0 to cover the brief times like it was last night for a few hours. The U values are from the Manual J book and are the inverse of R values. Infilatration is on volume and air changes per hour. We'll use .018 U value and .25 air changes per hour on a newer well constructed home. The roof (attic) area is 1200 SF and an R value of 40 (required here in Michigan) Net wall area is 1000 SF R value 21 Floor over an insulated crawlspace is U value of .06 Glass U value is .35 again required by energy code. I use the same for entry doors but they would actually have a better U value. 1 / R value = U value Infiltration .018 x 9600 (vol) x .25 air changes/hr x 60 (temp diff) = 2592 Roof .03 x 1200 (SF) x 60 = 2160 Walls .05 x 1000 x60 = 3000 Floor .06 x 1200 (SF) x 60= 4320 Glass/Doors .35 x 120 x 60= 2520 Total BTU load per hour is 14592 So.... a furnace that has an output of 15,000 Btu minumum would be required to heat this house. If hydronic heat is used, 25' of standard baseboard of 580 BTU output per foot (reference Weil-McLain ThermaTrim baseboard) would be required - along with a boiler of adequate size. There is more to it from here, zoning and flow would be taken into consideration to select proper valves, thermostats, etc. If you wish to go into in a separate communication, I would be glad to try to be a help. Scott