Michael is mostly correct. The bricks were likely farthest away from the core of the kiln, resulting in very little surface glaze. That's why they were used on the interior. Since the early eighties, there's been a trend among young urban professionals to remove perfectly good plaster from the interior of brick walls. Now they're all bitchin' about the constant red dust all over their imported contemporary furniture. There are even some bricks that were used on the interior of low-end buildings that were nothing more than sun-dried. In cities along the east coast, unwashed or inadequately washed local sand, that contains salt, was often mixed with the clay. Salty sand in the mortar can also easily be absorbed into unglazed bricks. There can be sulfates of sodium, magnesium or potassium. Even minimal moisture/vapor can recrystallize the salts and disintegrate the bricks while expanding. Moisture is most likely a factor here. There can be air currents, constantly moving damp air from the basement through the space at the edge of the floor. There can also be capillary action, moving moisture from the ground up the wall. Adding the "water-proofing" paint probably accelerated the deterioration. See how it's worse where the paint stops at the top of the wall? It's best to allow brick walls in a basement to "breathe", just like they need to on the exterior, above ground. If there is a desire to treat the interior, it should be a lime-wash or lime-plaster.